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发表于 2009-10-24 23:59:49
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《周易》古经“生态社会理想”的提出一方面当然与其追求“鸣鹤在阴”的生态和谐观分不开,另一方面也是与其安邦治国、推行德治和共同富裕的政治道德观息息相关的。《周易》古经政治上重“君子”,看不起“小人”。《师》卦上六爻辞明确提出:“大君有命:开国承家,小人勿用!”主张“大君(国王)”应该远离“小人”。《遁》卦九四爻辞说:“好遁,君子吉,小人否。”好的无为而治的国度,因为用了“君子”才吉利,而“小人”就不行了。为什么会这样呢?因为“君子”讲“有孚”(诚信)之德,而“小人”则不讲道德,这样“君子”会“自天佑之,吉无不利”,而“小人”没有德性不能与天沟通,当然得不到天的佑助了。《解》六五爻辞赞扬“君子”的“有孚”之德,不仅用之于个人自身修养,而且用之于与“小人”关系的处理上:“君子维有解,吉,有孚于小人,”君子胸怀大度,一派仁人志士的气魄,即便对小人也能用诚信之心去化解矛盾,这是多么高尚的人呵。从这里我们看到了儒家“以德报怨”思想的源头。《周易》古经还主张走共同富裕之路,才能真正实现理想生态社会。《小畜》九五爻辞说:“九五:有孚挛如,富比其邻。”挛,即心连心、手牵手而有仁爱之义。这句讲人人有诚信、讲仁爱,就会共同富裕起来。这种“有孚挛如,富比其邻”的政治社会理想与“履虎尾不咥人,亨”的生态社会理想二者相结合,才是《周易》古经作者所追求的完美的太平盛世理想。显然这种理想在古代中国是不可能实现的。但这种理想象光芒闪射的一轮太阳,给华夏民族自强不息提供了巨大的热能和动力,推动着中华文明穿越古今时空,迈上新的征途……当今世界生态失衡,全球各种危机四伏,有识之士都在自觉倡导生态道德,以便从根本上扭转危机,寻求维持新的生态系统的法宝。我们认为,中国古代文明智慧的奇葩——《周易》古经所阐发的天人合一的生态伦理思想,无疑是一剂济世良药,是拯救地球、解决危机的有效法宝。试想,如果全世界那些富裕国家都能“富比其邻”,不肆意掠夺别国的资源、制止好战的“武人”政治、和平共处,讲究“有孚挛如”,保持“尚德载”的胸怀,那么全球“既雨既处”、“虎不咥人”的美好生态社会降临的日子还会那么遥远么?!
参考文献:
[1] 高亨.周易古经今注[M].北京:中华书局,1984.
[2] 李约瑟.李约瑟文集[M].沈阳:辽宁科技出版社,1986.
Stretching Human Morality to Nature and Ecological Ethics
——Ecological ideas of the ancient classic The Book of Change
Abstract: As a prevailing work of the longest history and a symbol of ancient Chinese people’s wisdom, The Book of Change is rich in thoughts concerning ecological ethics. First, it links the harmony in the universe with the stress of morality of human beings and thus illustrates the ecological idea of the unity between mankind and nature. Second, it advocates that people should be concerned about nature and opposes wasting or destroying natural resources. Finally, it describes an ideal social blueprint “Happiness in Ecology” which expresses the harmonious relationship between human beings and nature. Undoubtedly, all these thoughts reveal significant theoretical value as to solve the worldwide ecological crisis.
Key words: ecological ethics, the idea of being concerned about the ecology, the unity between mankind and nature |
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