2. 7 适量摄入碘,预防过量
孕妇比非孕妇多需约 66% 的碘,补碘在孕早期尤其重要,直接关系到胎儿大脑发育。碘盐和海产 品是碘的主要来源,在我国实施全民补碘后,不同 区域存在碘缺乏和过量共存现象。新标准推荐成年人碘 RNI 从 150 ug / d 降为 120 ug / d,但孕妇推荐量从200 ug / d 增加为225 ug / d,乳母增加为240 ug / d;同时,碘 UL 值从 1 000 ug / d 降为 600 ug / d。有研究认为,当孕妇膳食碘摄入超过 500 μg / d 时可能引起相应的健康危害,当尿碘浓度大于 250μg / L 时, 可出现亚临床甲状腺功能低下[14]。建议再孕妇女 在孕早期多摄入海产品,每周至少 1 ~ 2 次,注意监测碘营养水平。
2. 8 高龄孕妇与乳母期保证足量摄入维生素 A
维生素 A 是一种脂溶性维生素,在体内可以蓄积,孕期不足或过量均会引起不良后果。欧洲一项横断面研究显示[15],孕妇血清维生素 A < 0. 7 umol / L的比例达 37. 9% 。规避收入和教育因素后,年龄 35~ 49 岁的孕妇维生素 A 缺乏比例是 15 ~ 24 岁孕妇的 2. 23 倍( 95% CI: 1. 31,3. 81) ,故备孕的高龄产妇需要摄入足量维生素 A。
维生素 A 来源包括: 食物、强化食物、维生素 A 制剂、多维元素片、孕妇奶粉等。新标准在对成年女性维生素 A 的 RNI 在 700 μgRE / d 的基础上,对孕产妇推荐量在孕早、中、晚期及乳母期分别增加0、70、70、600 μgRE / d。建议再生育妇女孕早期不增加,孕中晚期适当增加,乳母期大量增加,同时在选择食物时学会识别营养标签,预防过量。
2. 9 增加户外活动,通过日照补充维生素 D,不足时额外补充
维生素 D 是维持机体生命的必需营养素,除了与钙代谢的密切关系外,近几年大量研究证实,维持孕产期正常血浆维生素 D3 水平与胎儿骨骼生长和神经代谢等密切相关,维生素 D 与 GDM、先兆子痫危险性增加也存在较大相关性[16]。
新标准主要针对中国女性普遍日照不足,将成年女性维生素 D 从 2000 年的 200 IU / d 提高至 400 IU/ d,孕产期维生素 D 的RNI 不变,但 UL 从 800 IU/ d提高到了 2 000 IU / d,所以建议孕产妇增加户外活动时间,通过日照补充维生素 D,不足时再通过食物或者制剂补足,尤其是第一胎合并妊娠并发症的孕产妇。
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